The mind-body problem is a philosophical debate that can be addressed through simple questions: what is the relationship between mind and body? What then is the relationship between mental heritage and physical heritage? In examining the mind-body problem there are three fundamentals to consider: the subject as an observer of both the external and internal world; observation conditions that include certain external and internal observation tactics; and the observed object or entity (Vacariu, 2011: p. 26). The two questionable theories of the mind-body problem are dualism and monism. In the most general sense, dualism supports the idea of a mind separate from the body with the possibility of physical and mental differences. Studies have shown that healthy physical stimulation can lead to a happier and more balanced mental state, even combating mild depression and anxiety (Veenhoven, 2008). What makes these interactions casual is that this relationship between physical activity and mental stability is not always the case; someone who does not exercise regularly or demonstrates poor maintenance of their body may be just as mentally healthy as someone engaged in activities that most believe tend to be good for their mental health. Therefore, while it is true that exercise and adequate nutrition can serve as a component of vigorous mental health, in order for the theory of epiphenomenalism to be supported, the mind would not be able to influence the physical body in any way. The interactions between mental and physical states are random and are not determined solely by the body influencing the mind without the mind influencing the body at all, as epiphenomenalism suggests. One of the best evidence for this is that those suffering from mental illness often cannot simply alleviate their illness, but may instead need to receive professional counseling or other mental health care. The placebo effect is a cornerstone for the FDA and other pharmaceutical companies to evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs they wish to market; the placebo effect also supports a main argument in the series of dualism theories presented. If a potential patient illustrates a side effect of a drug within the control group due to the placebo effect, then it is understood that the study drug does not truly possess the properties for which it is being tested. This conclusion is direct evidence that the mind exerts an undeniable influence on physical health and well-being. If tricking the mind into thinking it is receiving treatment for something can affect the body but no more profoundly than the experimental drug, then this is a complete confirmation of the mind's ability to change the physical state of the body.
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