In the nineteenth century, many psychologists and educational reformers began to challenge past understandings of education and its teachings. Many believed that education could not be taught simply from a textbook and proceeded to teach others their knowledge. John Locke hypothesized that "truth and knowledge... arise from observation and experience rather than from the manipulation of accepted or given ideas" (Hayes) Johann Bernhard Basedow (1724-1790) developed new teaching methods based simply on interaction with a child. Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827), whose motto was “Learning with the head, hands and heart,” believed that a student learned best through “direct manipulation and experience of objects.” (Hayes) He also believed that children learn through internal motivation rather than pressure. Furthermore, he believes that a teacher's job is to help guide students to a place where learning can occur naturally. Friedrich Fröbel (1782 – 1852) created the concept of kindergarten by recognizing children's unique needs and potential. John Dewey (1859 – 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer who established standards for education that are still used today. Dewey was considered one of the leading voices of progressive education, which boils down to hands-on projects, experiential learning, and group work and development. About a century ago, Dewey discovered a method of experiential learning that immerses students in their communities. Today, a growing number of teachers are adopting Dewey's teaching technique, what is now called place-based learning. Place-based education is a learning system that captures student ingenuity and advances the environment....... middle of paper ...... This project has me excited for the next chapter of my life that I'm about to enter and I can't wait to have my own class! Works Cited “The Center for Place-Based Education” at Antioch University. Antioch University, 2014, Web. 20 March 2014. Bingaman, Deirdra. Personal interview. April 3, 2014.Hayes, William. Is the progressive education movement still a factor in schools today? Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc, 2006. print.Kennedy, Clint. Personal interview. April 3, 2014."Opportunity equation." STEM-focused schools: Designed to support higher levels of achievement in math and science. NP Network. 4 April 2014. .Shimp, Jacob, ed. "Trout in class." Advanced biology. Np, nd Web. April 4 2014. .