1. Are the perspectives on religious experience presented in William James's Varieties and Jung compatible? Explain them briefly and compare them. For William James, his perspective on religious experience was skeptical. He divided religion between institutional religion and personal religion. By institutional religion he referred to the religious group or organization that plays a fundamental role in the culture of a society. Personal religion has been defined as when an individual has a mystical experience that can occur regardless of culture. James was more concerned with personal religious experience, "the feelings, acts, and experiences of individual men in their solitude, as they learn to stand in relation to what they may regard as divine" (Varieties, 31), and had a sort of contempt for organized and institutional religion. James's focus on the mystical experiences that religion entails was characterized by four circumstances. These four circumstances were ineffability, a noetic quality, mystical states are transitory, and people cannot control when experiences come and go. For ineffability the experience must be lived by one person and cannot be transferred to another. With the noetic quality he stated that the mystical state comes to the individual as a state of knowledge. James goes on to ask whether these states are “windows through which the mind looks out onto a larger and more inclusive world” (Varieties, 428). For Carl Jung, his view of religious experience was based on the fact that all experiences are a psychological phenomenon. He differed from James in believing that a personal or individual experience with a God was indistinguishable from a communication with one's unconscious mind. He... the center of the card... the inner personality in females, while the Soul is expressed as the female inner personality in males. The shadow archetype is made up of flaws, weaknesses, and repressed instincts. These archetypes belong to the collective unconscious and are not based on people in their daily lives. Discovering the meaning and meaning of the archetypes in one's dreams and the dreams themselves was a kind of process that helped lead the individual towards a God. The suffering and process of analyzing the dreams and manifestations of the archetypes was crucial to resolve the entire unconscious and thus be at peace with oneself. When this peace was achieved, it allowed the individual to deepen their religious experience. Jung believed that all human beings have a natural religious function and that the expression of their unconscious through archetypes and dreams was crucial.