Informed consent to reasoned medical treatment Bibliography Ingravallo, F., Gilmore, E., Vignatelli, L., Dormi, A., Carosielli, G., Lanni, L. , & Taddia, P. (2014). Factors associated with nurses' opinions and practices regarding information and consent. Nursing Ethics, 21(3), 299-313 15p. doi:10.1177/0969733013495225In this article published in a peer-reviewed journal, based on a cross-sectional survey conducted in a large Italian university hospital, the authors seek to examine the opinions and practices of nurses regarding information and consent and explore the possible influences such as gender, age, education, professional experience and healthcare context. The findings suggested that although nurses regularly informed patients about medications and invasive nursing procedures and asked for consent before invasive procedures, the main difficulties encountered in providing information were lack of time or opportunity and patients' inability to understanding information, and the care context was a significant factor associated with nurses' opinions and practices. The study is clear and well organized. The research and analysis methods are adequately explained and displayed, and the authors provide an in-depth literature review discussing prior knowledge on the topic. The results of the study are clearly shown and discussed regarding its implications. The researchers were aware of the study's limitations and noted them in the article. Limitations such as concerns regarding validity, reliability due to the use of an ad hoc survey, generalizability outside the hospital context and the absence of a parallel study exploring patients' experiences. While it is suggested that further research is needed to confirm the findings for other care settings, this research…half of the article…is demonstrated by a clear and structured presentation of the combined themes identified in the analysis of interview data and discussion groups. Limitations of the study are discussed, such as the generalizability of the findings due to the fact that the study is conducted in a single context. The report suggests that further studies be conducted on larger populations in different contexts and cultures and also the exploration of patient opinions. Overall, the research provides an in-depth and respectable look at the role of nurses in the informed consent process within a hierarchical and community context. The research is relevant to nursing especially in paternalistic contexts, where the roles of nurses and doctors are not considered complementary, and/or when working with family-oriented cultures, where the patient's family has a strong influence on healthcare decisions.