Evolution of Populism and Morality since ModernizationPopulism refers to the political philosophy that pits the oppressed masses against the apathetic ruling elite. Morality refers to compliance with the code of conduct established by employers. Modernization is the transformation from a traditional rural society, which is mainly based on agriculture, to an urban, industrialized society. The emergence and flourishing of modern society have been inextricably linked to the development of industries, infrastructure and cities. Sociologists and political analysts agree that “urbanization and industrialization have been the main causes of populism in Latin America.” (Conniff and Roberts 6) Populism flourished in Latin America for some years of the 20th century due to changes in socioeconomic structure that discriminated against workers based on class and gender. The social, economic, and political conditions that existed in Brazil and Colombia in the early 20th century created an environment that incubated and ultimately gave rise to populist politics. The opening and expansion of the North American and European export markets caused labor reforms to meet demand. The enormous demand has created incentives for industrial and infrastructure development. Cities such as Rio de Janeiro and Lima in Peru and Bogota in Colombia benefited from this economic expansion and soon became large industrial cities. Industrial expansion went hand in hand with population growth as workers were needed to work in these industries. Many citizens migrated to the cities together with their families to find work in factories. Some migrants found life in the city very liberating. The reality, however, was pretty bleak for the most part… paper issues… like the devolution of wealth and power. Very few advocated a radical overhaul of the government structure. Rather, they believed in the principle of free will. From examining the Brazilian populist movement, the transformation of a society from an agrarian society to an industrialized society presented many challenges to the people. Citizens faced difficult times in the transition phases and poverty was rampant. Populist leaders, by empathizing and identifying with ordinary citizens, have gained an almost cult-like following among the poor and middle class. The end of populist politics in Brazil came at the hands of the military, after it took power in 1964. Ten years later, the army loosened the reins and allowed greater public participation. However, populism and morality have left their mark on politics, history, economics and social life.