Turntablism is the art of sound manipulation expressed on a turntable. He is known for his popular "baby scratch" technique which allows you to move the record back and forth to create mixed synth noise. Although they are very popular with the various techniques created, turntables are fairly new instruments introduced in the last couple of decades. Knowledge of turntablism modifications along with hip-hop culture is necessary to understand the subculture of turntablism. Record players originally stemmed from the invention of the phonograph in 1877 and have been improvised since its announcement. Thomas Edison, a famous scientist, created the phonograph, an innovation that could essentially reproduce sounds. Edison's goal was to simplify the transmission of messages and daily activities. Although another invention had been conceived in France, Edison's invention was entirely original. In 1881 Emile Berliner, a German scientist, created the gramophone which had better quality than the phonograph and played rubber records. This replaced the use of cylinders and was optimized for multiple playing unlike the phonograph. Records became mass-produced and easier to create, and its popularity (which hadn't germinated until the 1950s) spread like wildfire. Their inventions made playing records possible, and Emile made it easier by simplifying the use of records. The simplification of distribution has made innovation and creation easier for cultural progress; this gave more people in the future access to such technology. Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa, Kool DJ Herc, Herbie Hancock and John Cage are some of the most influential people in hip-hop culture. Grandmaster Flash and Afrika Bambaataa are one of the first artists to make music in relation to hip-hop culture. A......middle of paper......Oregon Public Broadcasting. Oregon Public Broadcasting. nd Web. October 16, 2013“Defining hip-hop culture.” Global awareness through Hip-Hop Culture.com. Global awareness through hip-hop culture. nd Web. November 11, 2013.Newman, Mark. "History of Turntablism." np Pedestrian. January 3, 2003. nd Web. October 16, 2013 Pray, Doug, Editor. "Scratch." Images of palm trees. 2001. Film. November 10, 2013. “History of the record player.” Enjoy the music. Enjoythemusic.com. nd Web. November 5, 2013. “Turntablism, a brief history.” Sensei Haus Inc. Sensei Haus Inc. nd Web. 16 October 2013“Turntablism and the study of audio art”. Canadian Radio and Television. Canadian Radio and Television. 2009. Network. November 11, 2013White, Miles. “The Phonographic Record Player and Performance Practice in Hip-Hop Music.” Marlyand University. University of Maryland. Network. October 16 2013