In research, the body has been extensively studied in relation to sport and physical activity (Duncan, 1994; Haugen, Ommundsen, & Seiler, 2013 ; Kololo, Guszkowska, Mazur, & Dzielska, 2012; Niven, Fawkner, Knowles, Henretty, & Stephenson, 2009). Sport scholars, however, have rarely examined the experience of our bodies, which can be seen as problematic especially when examining sport in relation to gender (Duncan, 1994). It has been suggested that research often overlooks the distressing relationships present between sport, physical activity, and body image (Haugen, Ommundsen, & Seiler, 2013; Henriques & Calhoun, 1999; Kololo, Guszkowska, Mazur, & Dzielska, 2012). Body image is a multidimensional construct, which has received increasing scientific study in recent decades (Cash, 2005; Pruzinksy, & Cash, 2002; Thompson, Heinberg, Altabe, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1999). Specifically, research has noted a key relationship between body image, body dissatisfaction, and social agents, including mass media (Anschutz, Engels, & Strien, 2012; Balcetis et al., 2013; Cash, 2005; Knuass, & Paxton, 2008 ). mass media are seen as major social agents in many Westernized cultures (Lopez-Guimera, Levine, Sanchez-carracedo, & Fauquet, 2010; Monteath & McCabe, 1997). Television, cinema, the fashion industry, advertising, magazines, newspapers and the Internet, in combination with new media technologies such as Instagram and Facebook, are believed to invade and occupy people's personal lives (Lawrie, Sullivan , Davies and Hill, 2006; Lopez-Guimera et al., 2010). These sociocultural factors are seen as powerful determinants of body image development (Balcetis, Cole, Chelberg, Alicke, 2013; Cash, 2005; Hawkins, Richards, Granley, Stein, 2004; Lawri...... middle of paper. .. ...classified bodies promote the objectification of bodies through body surveillance and body shame (Duncan, 1994; Foucault, 1979, 1980). This study seeks to examine the effects of social agents on the image of the male body using a Foucauldian framework evaluate the impact of mass media on male body image through the concepts of self-surveillance and disciplinary power This will enable further understanding of how current body image pressures presented by the media differentially affect the genders due to the current limited research focused on. It has been hypothesized that current social pressures from social agents, including the mass media, will have a similar negative impact on male body image as that of women. . Furthermore, the participant's personal view of their body image will be negatively affected through negative self-surveillance.
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