The harmful substances present in the electronic cigarette are transmitted to the fetus through the umbilical cord. Children whose mothers smoked e-cigarettes are born with nicotine addiction, and some go through periods of withdrawal. During fetal development, e-cigarettes are known to reduce oxygen flow, increase blood pressure, and constrict blood vessels, thereby reducing the level of nutrients the fetus receives. The gestation period is often shortened due to the nicotine in electric cigarettes, resulting in premature birth and underdevelopment. Low birth weight and fetal injury are the result of many chemicals found in e-cigarettes. Small amounts of research have been conducted on the effects of prenatal smoking; however, there has been nothing to support the misconception that e-cigarettes can be considered safe for pregnant women ("Electronic Cigarettes and Pregnancy - American Pregnancy