However, at this point in history, there were only a select few religions that believed in the traditional ideologies that existed before the Second Great Awakening. Very few people still believed in the concept of predestination, and surprisingly, women played a much larger role in the Second Great Awakening. Brinkley pointed out that the Second Great Awakening was much more progressive than the first: not only did women outnumber men in terms of conversions, but “in some areas of the country, revival meetings were open to people of all races ,” which led to the emergence of black preachers within the “slave community” (p. 155). Native Americans also played a role in the Second Great Awakening, especially in the context of Presbyterianism and Baptism. Brinkley's entire section demonstrated how religion had a positive effect on American society, regardless of the breakdown of religion during the American period