Although it is very similar to community policing due to its reliance on citizen involvement, the two are not interchangeable. Problem solving is rooted in community policing because it involves getting to the root of a public problem, but it does not rely on the continued cooperation of citizens. Problem-solving policing, a term coined by Herman Goldstein in 1979, relies on a citizen's reports of disturbances or nuisances that are then strategically investigated in depth by problem-solving police officers. Police problem solving involves finding why a crime occurs rather than reacting when that crime occurs (Eck and Spelman, 1987). Problem solving by the police is not part of the containment strategy used by police officers assigned to slums. The troubleshooting policy is on the opposite side of the spectrum from containment, because containment allows such disturbances, which would be investigated under the troubleshooting strategy, to continue. By suggesting that problem solving by police should be part of containment, mixed messages are sent to officers responsible for skid rows (Nowicki,