The Donghu are mentioned by Sima Qian as already existing in Inner Mongolia north of the Yan state in 699–632 BC along with the Shanrong people. Mentions in the Lost Book of Zhou (Yizhoushu) and the Shanhaijing indicate that the Donghu were also active during the Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BC). The Mongolian-speaking Xianbei were part of the Donghu confederation, but had earlier periods of independence, as evidenced by a mention in the Guoyu ("晉語八" section) stating that during the reign of King Cheng of Zhou (reigned 1042–1021 BC) the Xianbei came to attend a meeting of Zhou subject lords in Qiyang (岐阳) (now Qishan County) but were allowed to perform the fire ceremony only under the supervision of Chu (楚), as they were not vassals by pact (诸侯). Chief Xianbei was appointed joint guardian of the ritual torch together with Xiong Yi. These early Xianbei came from the nearby Zhukaigou culture (2200–1500 BC) in the Ordos Desert, where maternal DNA matches Daurs and Evenks. The Zhukaigou Xianbei (part of the Ordos culture of Inner Mongolia and northern Shaanxi) had trade relations with the Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BC). In the late 2nd century the Han dynasty scholar Fu Qian (服虔) wrote in his commentary "Jixie" (集解) that "Shanrong and Beidi are ancestors of the present Xianbei". Also in Inner Mongolia, another closely related Mongolian Xianbei region was the Upper Xiajiadian culture (1000–600 BC) where the Donghu confederacy was centered. After the Donghu were defeated by Modu Chanyu, Xianbei and Wuhuan survived as the main remnants of the confederation. Tadun Khan of the Wuhuan (d. 207 AD) was the ancestor of the proto-Mongolic Kumo Xi.[16] The Wuhuan belong to the direct royal line of the Donghu and in the... center of the map... the rise of the Gok-Turks in 555, the Uyghurs in 745 and the Yenisei Kyrgyz in 840. The Tuoba were eventually absorbed into China. The Rourans fled west from the Gok-Turks and disappeared into obscurity or, as some say, invaded Europe as Avars under their Khan Bayan I. Some Rourans under Tatar Khan migrated eastward founding the Tatar tribes, which became part of the Shiwei. The Khitans, who were independent after the separation from the Proto-Mongolic Kumo Xi (of Wuhuan origin) in 388 AD, continued as a minor power in Manchuria until one of them, Abaoji (872–926), founded the Khitan Liao dynasty (907–926). 1125). The Khitans fled west after their defeat by the Tungusic Jurchens (later known as Manchus) and founded the Kara-Khitan or Western Liao dynasty (1125–1218) in eastern Kazakhstan. In 1218 Genghis Khan destroyed the Kara-Khitan kingdom, after which the Khitan p