Since the criminal act is a global phenomenon, there must therefore be an explanation as to why this is; some schools of thought strive to explain this by means of genetics, while others take a more socially influenced approach. Although Lombroso and Sheldon's microcriminological theories may have appeared credible at the time, modern research has attempted to disprove such notions. In an epidemiological context, the criminal act is seen by some as a positive contribution to society, as noted by Durkheim (Kirby et al, 2000), although excessive criminal act will lead to social instability, or anomie. Contrary to Durkheim's beliefs, a Marxist perspective would consider the mere notion of capitalism criminal; thus believing that the vast majority of global society is in a constant state of anomie. However, there is still much controversy over whether people are born or transformed into criminals. This essay will discuss the arguments within this debate. Being 'born' a criminal indicates a genetic inheritance while if one is 'made'; environmental influences are the significant factor in creating criminal behavior. Despite much controversy surrounding the notion of hereditary criminal tendencies, there is much evidence to support such theories. While Lombroso may have used his theoretical atavisms in an attempt to provide a biologically deterministic method for reducing or preventing crime, they ultimately led to an abandonment of gravitas regarding that notion. However, as short-sighted as Lombroso's theories that criminality is a hereditary trait may appear (Mannheim, 1965), research has shown that shared physical characteristics are common in explaining the topic of genetic criminal behavior. Although Lombroso presented... in the middle of the paper... the fact does not state that people will be born destined to commit criminal crimes, but rather suggests an intrinsic predisposition towards such behaviors, which may be influenced by societal factors. In promoting a genetically predisposed and socially influenced explanation, there are plenty of considerations when explaining criminal behavior; for example, a non-aggressive, psychologically healthy individual may be influenced by peer pressure to use recreational drugs, as "psychoactive drug abuse commonly results from a combination of low self-esteem, peer pressure, inadequate coping skills, and curiosity". (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005) thus suggesting that mild recreational drug abuse can develop into an addiction due to a multitude of social influences, which invariably leads to further crime in order to financially support an addiction..