There has been an increase in Brazil in recent decades of people identifying as Black or Afro-Brazilian. What triggered the rise of these identities in Brazil? Material and intellectual gains were possible, or triggered by activism or other possible factors. The black movement and the affirmation of “black” identity occurred much later in Brazil than in other countries such as the United States. In my opinion, the most important factors for the rise of these identities are the material benefits resulting from the Quilombo clause, the effects of affirmative action and quotas, as well as social activism. An important reason for the increase in people identifying as black in Brazil is the Quilombo clause of the 1988 Constitution. With the 1988 Constitution Brazil aimed to become a more multicultural society. The Quilombo clause in the constitution gave descendants of the Quilombo, or runaway slave community, the right to land. As cited in the book Legalizing Identities: Becoming Black or Indian in Brazil's Northeast by Jan Hoffman French, “survivors of the Quilombo communities who occupy their lands are recognized as permanent owners and the state will grant them titles to the land” (77). While historically a quilombo was a community of runaway slaves, the definition has now changed to a rural black community. These communities are the ones who use the Quilombo clause to try to obtain land. The perspective of the land is a strong incentive to identify a certain one, especially if the person or group of people comes from a poor background and does not have much. The Mocambo community is an example of a community that used the Quilombo clause to obtain land. The people of Mocambo began to struggle when the land they had worked to f...... middle of...... paper, prevented the black movement from progressing in an earlier period. Works Cited DeWitt, Mike. "Wide angle." Brazil in black and white. Director Adam Stepan. PBS. September 4, 2007.Television.Edmonds, Alexander. "Nice people." Quite modern: beauty, sex and plastic surgery in Brazil. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2010. Page No. French press, Jan Hoffman. Legalizing Identities: Becoming Black or Indian in Northeast Brazil. Chapel Hill, NC: U of North Carolina, 2009. Print.Htun, Mala. “From “racial democracy” to affirmative action: changing state policy on race in Brazil.” Latin American Research Review 39.1 (2004): 60-89. MUSE project. Web.Skidmore, Thomas E. “Racial Realities and Racial Thought After Abolition.” Black in White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought: With a Preface to the 1993 Edition and Bibliography. Durham: Duke UP, 1993. Page No. Press.