Acute Pain Management TheoryMarion Good, PhD, RN, focused her study, “A Middle-Range Theory of Acute Pain Management: Use in Research,” on medicine complementary for pain and stress, acute pain and immunity to stress. The purpose of this theory is to put pain management guidelines into practice. Good, 1998, emphasized the need for a balance between the use of drugs and the side effects of painkillers. The theory also promoted patient education regarding pain management after surgery and encouraged the development of plans for acceptable levels of pain management. This theory was developed through deductive reasoning. Chinn & Kramer, 2008, define deductive reasoning as moving from a general concept to a more specific concept. Good, 1998, reported that there was a balance between analgesia and side effects from which two outcomes can be inferred: (1) a decrease in pain and (2) a decrease in side effects. These results can be studied further or more detailed concepts can be deduced from them. Main Concepts The main concepts deduced from the hypothesis fall into three categories: (1) multimodal intervention, (2) attentive care, and (3) patient participation. The multimodal intervention includes the concepts of potent pain relief, pharmacological adjuvants, and non-pharmacological adjuvants. Careful care refers to assessment of pain and side effects and intervention along with reassessments. Patient participation includes goal setting and patient education. The result resulting from the collaboration of these three categories is the balance between analgesia and side effects. Powerful pain medications contain aspects of using medications such as morphine or demerol, how the medications are administered, and... half of the document ...amount of pain) is a great teaching tool for the patient who is able to self-refer (Nevius & D'Arcy, 2008). This will put the patient and nurse at the same level of understanding regarding the patient's pain. The patient should also be aware of the additional information included in the pain scale: quality, duration and location of pain. When teaching the patient, it should be kept in mind that it is not always possible to get a zero out of ten on the pain scale after a painful procedure. The patient can set a realistic pain management goal each day based on their pain level. Each of these steps aims to achieve a balance between analgesia and side effects in pain management. This is an ongoing process and if the patient's pain level goes out of the set range, an intervention is required to bring the patient's pain level back under control..